Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies The WritePass Journal

Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies Part1: Annotated Bibliography                             Part2: Police Powers of Control of Public AssembliesRelated [POLICE POWERS: BIBLIOGRAPHY] (a) you are required to complete a (part annotated) bibliography on the topic â€Å"Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies† (annotated): you should describe the relevance of the contents of the materials you find and comment upon them).                                                                                                                                       (b) You must write a paragraph on Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies which contains: one properly referenced quotation, one properly referenced paraphrase of material from one of your identified sources and one sentence of your own composition. Part1: Annotated Bibliography (a) You should identify and properly reference (to exact OSCOLA protocols) eight books – three of which should be annotated. AW Bradley and KD Ewing: Constitutional and Administrative Law (14th edition, Pearson Education 2007) This is the 14th edition of Bradley and Ewing’s authoritative work and deals with the unwritten constitution of the UK and the intricacies of administrative law in great detail. The authors deal with police powers and public assemblies in chapter 24 which includes discussion of the Human Rights Act. They point out that the influence of Human Rights in this area will not change the course of police powers but rather act as a means to prevent their further growth since 9/11. Hilaire Barnett: Constitutional and Administrative Law (7th edition, Routledge Cavendish 2008) This book is the 7th edition of another authoritative work on constitutional and administrative law in the United Kingdom. The author approaches the subject of police control and public assemblies in the second half of the book. Albert V.Dicey: Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (8th edition, Liberty Fund Inc 1982) A.V. Dicey was the foremost British constitutional jurist of his day. For Dicey, there was no specific right of freedom of assembly or association – it was a by-product of the freedom of the individual to do as they wished so far as it was not prohibited by law.   Dicey recognised, therefore, that there were limitations to an individuals’ freedom of assembly, but these were â€Å"grounded on the absolute necessity for preserving the King’s peace† (at p.174). Paul Craig: Administrative Law (6th edition, Sweet Maxwell 2008) Ewing, KD and Gearty, CA: The Struggle for Civil Liberties: Political Freedom and the Rule of Law in Britain (Oxford University Press 2001)    Helen Fenwick: Civil Liberties and Human Rights (3rd edition, Routledge-Cavendish 2002)       Richard Stone: Textbook on Civil Liberties and Human Rights (8th edition, Oxford University Press 2010) David Williams: Keeping the Peace: The Police and Public Order (1st edition, Hutchinson 1967) (b) You should identify and properly reference (to exact OSCOLA protocols) five journal articles three of which should be annotated. Neil Parpworth, ‘Public Assemblies and the Statutory Power to Impose Conditions’ in Justice of the Peace Local Government Law [2000] 164 (20), 376-378    This journal article examines the police powers to impose conditions on public processions and assemblies under the Public Order Act. The article is a case comment on Broadwith v Chief Constable of Thames Valley [2000] Crim.L.R.924 (DC) which concerned s.14(5) and whether a protestor was bound by a Police direction for a prior assembly he had not participated in. Gabrielle Moore, ‘Policing Protest’ in Criminal Law Justice Weekly [2011] 175 (1/2), 12 This journal article argues that individuals are being denied their right to protest with misapplication of the Public Order Act 1986 s.14 (which gives police officers the authority to impose conditions on individuals if they are of the opinion that criminal acts may result from an assembly). Sally Ramage, ‘The Right to Protest: Should Police Charge Demonstrators a Fee?’ in Criminal Lawyer [2009] 192, 1-3 This article looked at the issue of policing for the group of 20 economic summit in London on 1st April 2009 in London and considers the police tactics of â€Å"kettling† and whether this constitutes a deprivation of protestors civil liberties. Michael Connolly, ‘Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of the Person: Advance Notice Imposing Conditions on Public Assembly’ in Journal of Civil Liberties [2000] 5(2), 223-230    G.T Williams, ‘Processions, Assemblies and the Freedom of the Individual’ in Criminal Law Review [1987] March 167-179 (c) You should identify and properly reference (to exact OSCOLA protocols) twenty cases – the most recent of which should be annotated. 1.Carter v Crown Prosecution Service [2009] EWHC 2197 (Admin); [2010] 4 All E.R. 990; This case concerned s.30 of the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 where a police officer with the rank of at least Superintendent has reasonable grounds to believe that members of the public have been intimidate, harassed, alarmed or distressed as a result of the behaviour of two or more members of the public in an area where anti-social behaviour is a problem then authorisation may be given for police officers in uniform to have extra powers. The facts of the case are that in August 2008 the appellant was with a group of other youths who were causing a public nuisance and behaving unacceptably. They were warned by a police patrol not to do so in accordance with a â€Å"dispersal order† but the group, after initially complying, got back together and flouted the order and the appellant was arrested and charged. The case at first instance was decided against the defendants: the magistrates had misinterpreted the legislation and thought that oral evidence of the â€Å"dispersal ord er† equated to authorisation under the 2003 Act. The appellate court overturned the conviction for lack of evidence of authorisation under s.30. 2.Kay v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2008] UKHL 69; [2008] 1 W.L.R. 2723; 3.R. (on the application of Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire [2006] UKHL 55; [2007] 2 A.C. 105; [2007] 2 W.L.R. 46; 4.R. (on the application of Singh) v Chief Constable of the West Midlands [2005] EWHC 2840 (Admin); [2006] Po. L.R. 1; 5.R. (on the application of W) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2006] EWCA Civ 458; [2007] Q.B. 399; [2006] 6.University of Oxford v Broughton [2006] EWHC 1233 (Admin); (2006) 103(25) L.S.G. 28 (QBD (Admin)) 7.Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2007] EWCA Civ 989; [2008] Q.B. 660;))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8. Brogan v United Kingdom (1988) 11 EHRR 117 9. Brown v Stott [2003] 1 AC 681; [2001] 2 WLR 817; [2001] 2 All ER 97, PC 10. Chief Constable of Cleveland Police v McGrogan [2002] EWCA Civ 86; [2002] 1 FLR 707 11. De Jong, Baljet and Van den Brink  v The Netherlands (1984) 8 EHRR 20 12. Guzzardi v Italy (1980) 3 EHRR 333 13. McQuade v Chief Constable Humberside Police [2001] EWCA Civ 1330; [2002] 1 WLR 1347 A 14. McVeigh, ONeill and Evans v United Kingdom (1981) 5 EHRR 71 15. Maguire v Chief Constable of Cumbria Constabulary [2001] EWCA Civ 619, CA 16. Osman v United Kingdom (1998) 29 EHRR 245 17. R v Jones (Margaret) [2006] UKHL 16; [2007] 1 AC 136; [2006] 2 WLR 772; 18. R v Kamara [1974] AC 104; [1973] 3 WLR 198; [1973] 2 All ER 1242, HL(E) 19. Thomas v Sawkins [1935] 2 KB 249 20. Duncan v Jones [1936] 1 KB 218                              Part2: Police Powers of Control of Public Assemblies The control of public assemblies is becoming an ever more contentious issue in light of recent protests against the Coalition Government and their unpopular austerity measures. The Human Rights Act is beginning to filter into our system of protest and assembly but it cannot yet be said to be presenting a challenge to laws which have long held sway[1]. As Bradley and Ewing observe: â€Å"The same vigorous approach to freedom of assembly has not always been adopted in other cases – such as those involving noisy anti-globalisation or angry anti-war protestors. In these cases Convention rights have yielded to other concerns, notably the need to maintain public order under common law rules created long before the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998†[2]. The student protests of 2010 were another recent example of kettling and the inability of the human rights act to stop the police using excessive force on public demonstrations. [1] AW Bradley and KD Ewing: Constitutional and Administrative Law (14th edition, Pearson Education 2007) at p.598 [2] Ibid at p.598

The Financial Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Financial Crisis - Research Paper Example Although greatly linked to the sub-prime mortgage crisis, the causes of the 2008 recession are complex and multi-varied. This essay discusses the role of government policy, the role of mortgage originators, securitization, and moral hazards. Additionally, it presents an explanation of how the following work as well as what role they played in the crisis: subprime mortgages, mortgage backed securities, credit derivative obligations, credit default swaps; the consequences on U.S. financial markets; and the U.S. government response. Finally, it presents the authors own perspective on the financial crisis. Analysis Perhaps the most overarching consideration in terms of the financial crisis is the role of mortgage originators, securitization, and moral hazards played. Referred to as subprime lending this process is highly complex. Throughout the late 90s and early 00s competition in the housing market greatly increased. As a means of keeping pace with the increasing competitive markets mo rtgage lenders increasingly increased their borrowing restrictions to individuals with less than stellar credit ratings. This process is intimately connected with government policy as in many situations it was the government that contributed through policy and pressure to loosen up the lending standards. Indeed, some researchers linked the beginning of the housing bubble to 2003 (Krugman 2009). Prior to this period Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) were required to maintain conservative lending practices. As a means of enticing individuals to enter into subprime loans, lending agencies implemented high-pressure tactics, including loan incentives (Krugman 2009). This predatory lending constituted a great contributing factor to the crisis. Additionally, the rising costs of housing prices created an environment were people increasingly believed that their home purchases would continue to rise. The exact originators of this crisis are complex. One of the most frequently cited cons iderations is that government policies that sought to increase home ownership greatly contributed to the institutional environment that would allow for such practices to occur. Indeed, since as early as the Reagan administration the government has sought policy to increase home ownership (Wright 2010). However, it wasn’t until 1995 that the government became more actively involved in the process. In 1995, Government Sponsored Enterprises, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, began receiving government incentives for purchasing mortgage-backed securities (Wright 2010). These mortgaged backed securities included loans to low-income borrowers. In 1996 this process was further enhanced as the Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD) set a goal for both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase at least 42% of mortgage backed securities that contained households with incomes below the median for the specific area (Wright 2010). An important consideration is the notion of the C redit Default Swap. These swaps were largely implemented during the period preceding the economic meltdown. The process is highly complex, as it implements derivatives in the process, contributing to the overarching considerations regarding the difficulty in regulatory processes. Essentially what was occurring was that the institutions

Institutional Framework of Federal Acquisitions Research Paper

Institutional Framework of Federal Acquisitions - Research Paper Example risk in case of unpredictability of the market prices since the burden of the extra cost will be shouldered by him and not the other contracting party but also in case of a reduction in the price, the contractor will be on the benefitting end. This therefore provides the incentive for the contractor to do the planning work not only efficiently but effectively as well observing time and being accountable for each and everything as there is fear of bearing loss. The work being contracted on will therefore be completed mostly according to the budget and time (Feldman, 2012). 2. Discuss the importance of cost reimbursement contracts in creating effective, efficient and accountable acquisition planning. Support your discussion with FAR regulations. This type of contract is important to use in case the prices or the cost of what is to be acquired is uncertain. It therefore protects both parties (the contractor and the contacting party) from risks of price increase and therefore rendering t he planning useless in the process or slowing down the project. The benefactor in this type of contract is the contractor as he is reimbursed all the costs he incurs the way specified in the contract unless they exceed the agreed upon price â€Å"These contracts establish an estimate of total costs for the purpose of obligating funds and establishing a ceiling that the contractor may not exceed†¦( General Services Administration, Department of Defense, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2005)† This therefore provides a motivator and an incentive for the contractor to seek only the best of the materials and hence making the planning process and the final product effective. The contractor is also accountable for each and everything since there is reimbursement to be made. The contract type also requires justification on the part of the contractor for the decisions and materials included in the planning â€Å"the contracting officer shall document the rationale for selecting the contract type in the written acquisition plan and ensure the plan is approved and signed at least one level above the contracting officer† and the final work and hence making this a very efficient and effective type of contract to be entered into by especially non-profit organizations which often have financial and time constraints and pressure of accountability to the last cent. 3. Discuss the importance of time and material contracts in creating effective, efficient and accountable acquisition planning. Support your discussion with FAR regulations. This type of contract as stipulated in clause 16.601 is one of the most cost-effective, efficient and with the highest rate of accountability for both the contractor and his officers and also for the contracting party. This is so because it avoids any wastage of time or money and materials through uncertain estimates and no party for this matter may have to bear the loss of increase in the ceiling when planning. This is so because in this contract, the contractor is paid once the work is completed and according to

Recent Trends in Marketing Management

Recent Trends in Marketing Management The present era is the era of marketing. Marketing Management has taken over all the other functions of business management. The product design which was earlier an exclusive production function is now the primary function of marketing management. Human Resource Management is also been throttled by Internal marketing. Even Strategic Management now implies marketing management. Marketing now has taken the drivers seat in business and the very word marketing now defines the way we live. So marketing is no more a marketers domain but a co-venture of marketers as well as customer. Marketing in the 21st century has experienced a paradigm shift. The new millennium gave a new dimension to marketing by converting the customer-oriented marketing approach of 1990s to customer-driven marketing. Involvement of customers in product design and development, branding packaging and advertising decisions is now what is being practiced. To relate to this idea, we can look back to the Frito lays ad campaign where they invited options from customers for launching new flavors and then again public voting for the final flavor. Another example can be public voting being carried out for the selection of an actress for playing the role of grown-up Aanandi in the famous Ballika Vadhuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The guiding philosophy of marketing today is not products for the people but the product by the people as well. The advent of service economy has made customers the co-creators of products, so more and more involvement of customers is being sought. Customers are being involved at every s tage of product development in an attempt to generate loyalty from variety-spoiled customers. Another trend that has up surged recently is Product placements We are now quite used to watching advertisements during movie intervals and in between our favorite shows on the television. An ad exposure during interval may not find sufficient viewers and remote of a TV set gives the viewer full liberty to switch-over the channelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..so the new thing that is being tested for effectiveness is the product placement in movies or in popular TV shows. Now we often see our favorite actors and actresses using some brands as a part of their natural lifestyle or hoardings or showrooms of some brands as a backdrop of some important scene. Such product placements are being so naturally embedded in the settings that the viewers sub-conscious registers them strongly in their mind. A very undercover trend is neuro-marketing -marketing to mind. Understanding the complex dynamics of consumer mind is a real challenge of the modern times. The attempts of marketers to know what a consumer wants through varied research methods are now not generating effective insights into consumer minds because the consumer today is smart, intelligent and sophisticated enough not to let anyone extract the unwarranted information and moreover the dynamics of human behaviour are so intricate that in most cases we as consumers dont even know rightly why we buy something. So what the marketers are now doing to get deeper into the consumer psyche is something which is still being debated for its ethical concerns. Various psychological techniques are being used to explore the consumer mind and above that FMRI scans of consumers are also being taken to know what happens in the consumer mind while experiencing a particular service or what appeals to the consumer mind more while watching an advertisement. Many such trends have been catching up recently but the future of marketing lies in technology with which consumers now spend most of their timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the mobile phones and the internet. Times are fast changing from counting the customer footfalls to the counting of eyeballs. That means how many customers will actually buy the product now depends on how many customers see the products and the advertisements on their mobile phones or through internet. Wireless technology enabled media defines the new age of marketing. All the latest explorations of marketers are oriented towards this relatively new media. Internet is a new way for people to connect, gather information, share, collaborate and build their business or buy their products. Ensuring web-presence has become a pre-requisite for every business be it small or large. New generations belonging to any strata of society now extensively use internet and mobile technology. And the literate sections of senior generations are a lso catching up fast with it. Looking for a mobile phone, booking of travel package, sending flowers and greetings on special occasions, listening and downloading songs, chatting with a distant friend and relativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..whatever we want to do and know à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the internet is ready with ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..So obviously it has become the key driver for marketing systems. The trends that have emerged as an outcome of this big change are mainly fuelled by a buzzword known as Viral Marketing. It refers to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increase in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives through self-replicating viral processes similar to the spread of virus. It can be word-of-mouth delivered or enhanced by the network effects of the Internet. Viral marketing takes the form of Mobile marketing, email-marketing, blogging, Gaming, video marketing and above all social media marketing. Mobile marketing is all about marketing to people through their mobile phones and smart-phone devices. Demand is increasing dramatically for mobile applications and mobile web-browsing due to wider adoption of devices like the iPhone. Video marketing is a very effective tool of internet marketing where in Countless buying emotions and memorable brand moments are possible to be presented through musical, adventurous, motivational or funny video messages. These videos are viewed, liked and forwarded by the viewers hence spreading the message like a viral network. Social networking sites are attracting millions of people of all age groups. Staying connected through Facebook, Twitter, Youtube etc is part of ones daily regimen. No wonder Social Media is the strongest marketing trend which is not just a fad but a trend to stayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ more and more companies have been posting on various blogs, creating profile on Facebook, tweeting on Twitter, or posting news on Digg.com ,etc and by simply clicking like on such pages we are becoming part of the marketing network . Another related trend is taking the web marketing one step further: it is called Social Appvertising! The leading brands are now starting to create special interactive Facebook applications to maximize consumer involvement. A soft drinks Facial Profiler application finding your twin on Facebookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Or American Express contest for creating your own ad through a Facebook application. So a lot is to be explored about these trends. With the dynamics of ever changing consumer behaviour, dynamics of marketing will keep on changingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the changes that are important, inevitable and essence of life..!!!!!!! RAMNEEK KAUR MBA, M.COM, M.PHIL ASSTT. PROFESSOR GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, MODEL TOWN, LUDHIANA.

Prospect of Democracy in Burma Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Prospect of Democracy in Burma The prospect for the development of a democratic state in Burma has recently become a remote possibility. Burma’s military leaders have been holding talks with the opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and her party, the National League for Democracy (NLD). The dialogue started while Aung San Suu Kyi was still under house arrest. When she was released in 2002, the international community and the people of Burma expected the process to evolve to the next stage – substantive political negotiations. However, the whole process has stalled. Burma’s military remain in control. In justifying the hiatus, the Burmese military leaders engage in various forms of platitudinous rhetoric, carefully designed to obfuscate their totalitarian intent. The theme of this rhetoric is that the country is undergoing a transition toward a multi-party democracy. Burma’s influential intelligence chief, General Khin Nyunt, has warned that â€Å"such a transition cannot be done in haste or in a haphazard manner. The world is full of examples where hasty transition from one system to another led to unrest, instability and even failed states† . However, this linguistic charade is not consistently maintained. Burma’s generals have made disturbing pronouncements that overtly envision a highly compromised, paternalistic democracy. They assert that any democracy in Burma must incorporate ‘Asian values’, and is therefore incompatible with Western models of democracy. The generals have proved recalcitrant in the face of international pressure, and persist with their particularly Burmese variant of democracy. Nyunt recently said that â€Å"The democracy we seek to build may not be identical to the West but it will surely be based on universal principles of liberty, justice and equality†. It is more than likely that Burma’s military rulers are now looking at the Chinese political model as the basis of their new constitution. This rhetoric, centered around various abstractions and elaborations of political vision, is calculated to distract from the decidedly non-democratic Burmese political reality. What has actually been happening is that the country’s top military leader – Senior General Than Shwe – has strengthened his control over both the army and the administrative structure. Ever since the arrest of four members of the former military dictator General Ne Win’s famil... ...ase against the government - without provoking violence - while at the same time cooperating with the generals in a dialogue which recognizes the limitations of its current political potency. Bibliography Evans, George, ‘Human rights in Burma’, Contemporary Review, Oct, 1994, v265, n1545, p178 Jagan, Larry, Burma's opposition slowly rises from ashes http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1885565.stm BBC News. 2002 Jagan, Larry, Junta has little to celebrate http://www.rebound88.net/sp/junta/s14junta-thanshwe.html Bangkok Post, 2002. Jagan, Larry, Deadlock in Burma http://www.himalmag.com/2002/october/burma.htm 2002. Lintner, Bertil, ‘Divide and rule: peace treaties marginalise democracy groups.’ Far Eastern Economic Review, Jan 27, 1994, v157, n4, p20 Linter, Bertil, ‘New camouflage: army maintains tight controls despite election pledge’, Far Eastern Economic Review, May 11, 1989, v144, n19, p32 Maidment, Richard. Goldblatt, David. Mitchell, Jeremy. Governance in the Asia Pacific. Routlage, London, 1998. Seth, Mydans, Burmese General Says Transition to Democracy Will Be Slow. http://www.burmaforumla.org/burmese_general_says_transition_.htm New York Times, 2002.

Analyzing Both Sides of the Conflict Theory Essay

Conflict theory was the first radical criminological theory proposed by the scholars in the 1960s (Barkan, p. 254). It particularly analyzes the role of conflicts in class, gender, and power in the incidences of crimes in a particular society. It tells that these conflicts are the reasons why people commit crimes.   This specific thought opposes the view of the consensus theory which perceives crime as â€Å"any behavior that violates criminal law† (Barkan, p. 14). To compare, Conflict theory believes that a crime is far more complex than the first definition, assuming that people do not share the same values, beliefs, and dispositions. Because of this, the conflict theory becomes one of the theories that are applicable for larger contextual conditions. In fact, the theory encompasses a wide range of areas which makes it divided into sub- categories, such as radical criminology, peacemaking criminology, radical feminism, and left realism. (Greek, 2005). These minorities—the poor, Blacks, Hispanics, to name a few—are being given focus and importance through the theory. Marx and Engels specified that justice is not attainable and is unfairly being administered to the minorities. Through the conflict theory, an explanation on why minorities get involved with crimes is provided. The theory explains that laws against crimes are made not for the interest of everyone but only for themselves. Laws are made to serve the interest of the powerful who knows that their illegal malpractices can only become legal if the laws will be made based on their needs.   This made conflict theory sounds more realistic with consensus theory. It has able to portray the problem with power struggles as a source of crime motives that other theories disregarded or missed to see. However, proponents of the conflict theory also got blinded and missed to see some of the criticisms regarding the conflict. First of all, it is said that the conflict theory is too generalized and assuming with its discussion on the implementation of laws in societies. Laws connected to the prevention of street crimes such as robbery and murder do not necessarily serve the purpose of the powerful and neglects the less powerful minorities. In fact, such kinds of laws are directed to serve the security of everyone, and not just a little percentage of the people. The theory seems to forget that although people are different in some aspects, they still posses the same characteristics and needs. In this particular situation, all people need security for their lives. The laws protecting people’s lives could not be considered as law protecting only the interests of those who are in power; it is also for the benefit of other people. In addition to this criticism, the theory of conflict also shows a weak spot in terms of labeling disparities. There has been inconsistency in the evidence of such gaps tackling how dominant groups use the law to support their personal interests. In this way, the theory, in some ways, lose slightly its credibility. Nevertheless, the greatest strength of the theory is its vast and radical way of exploring the reason behind crimes in societies. These crimes are deeply rooted in the skins of the people who commit them. Although committers of crime are being treated as lowly kind of persons, their condition is being protected by the conflict theory. The theory will simply said that instead of committers, the minorities are victims of a much bigger crime brought about by the powerful groups to them. The theory, instead of prosecuting them, is aiming to reason out their main reason why they have done such crimes. Conflict theory acts like a lawyer who defends a person who has valid reasons behind the crime he committed. The lawyer may lack reliable and consistent evidence to prove the innocence of his client, but still, he believes in the accountability of the person. References Barkan, S.E. (2005). Criminology:   Sociological Understanding.   New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall   Bartos, J.O.   Wehr, P.E. and Paul Wehr. ( 2002). Using Conflict Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press Greek, C.E. Criminological Theory.   November 2005. Retrieved on 4 June 2008. http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/conflict.htm Lenski, G.E. (1966). Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. McGraw-Hill.   

Nudism as a Deviant Subculture Essay - 756 Words

Nudism as a Deviant Subculture Katie Heindel SOC 429 October 19, 2010 Nudism as a Deviant Subculture Introduction Nudism is a social and sexual phenomenon in America that has been gaining a significant following since the early 1930’s. This phenomenon was first introduced to American culture by a German immigrant named Kurt Barthel. (Hartman, Fithian and Johnson 1991) Since then, nudism has expanded to all parts of the country. From nude beaches and resorts to nudist camps, many are starting to partake in this liberating way of life. Despite the many followers of the nudist movement, many would classify nudists as a deviant subculture. Fischer (1995) defines a subculture as, ...a large set of people who share a defining trait,†¦show more content†¦In the early 1900s several papers were published that advocated the idea that the human body was not sinful or obscene. The first nudist colonies were opened in Germany around 1903, and grew into popularity during the 1920s. The Germans seemed to be the pioneers of the Naturism movement. In the 1960s Germans vacationing along the Mediterranean coast in France began nudist colonies, and nudist beaches and nudist resorts grew in popularity there. The movement came to North America in 1929 when a German immigrant named Kurt Barthel opened a colony in the United States. In the early days of the movement in America, nudism became associated with family values and alcohol was prohibited from all activities. (Hartman et al. 1991) Despite the attempt to associate high moral standards with the nudism movement it was subjected to harassment and misunderstanding due to the fact that America saw nudism as a sexual and even pornographic activity. Over the past three decades this largely changed. Nudist vacations became more common, and nudism lost some of its social stigma. Nudism became less restrictive as well and clothing optional gatherings became more common. Topless beaches also became popular, and the organized nudist movement made strides in erasing the negative perception of nudism. (Bell and Holliday 2000) References